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Winter's Formula Calculator

Expected pCO₂ in metabolic acidosis for mixed acid-base disorder detection

Calculate Winter's

Clinical use

Use this calculator for expected pco₂ in metabolic acidosis for mixed acid-base disorder detection in theelectrolytes workflow. It is decision support and should be interpreted with the patient context, local protocols, and clinician judgment.

Interpretation

Expected pCO₂ = 1.5 × HCO₃ + 8 ± 2. If measured pCO₂ differs, mixed acid-base disorder is present.

Required inputs

  • Bicarbonate

Evidence and limitations

This page cites 1 published reference. Confirm units and inclusion criteria before applying the output; calculators do not replace assessment, escalation, or local policy.

References

  • Albert MS, Dell RB, Winters RW. Ann Intern Med 1967;66:312-322

Frequently asked questions

What is the Winter's Formula?

Winter's Formula is a clinical calculator used for Expected pCO₂ in metabolic acidosis for mixed acid-base disorder detection.

How do I interpret the Winter's Formula?

Expected pCO₂ = 1.5 × HCO₃ + 8 ± 2. If measured pCO₂ differs, mixed acid-base disorder is present.

What inputs are required for the Winter's Formula?

Required inputs include Bicarbonate.

What is the evidence behind the Winter's Formula?

The Winter's Formula page cites Albert MS, Dell RB, Winters RW. Ann Intern Med 1967;66:312-322.

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